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Overview Overactive bladder causes a sudden urge to urinate. The urge may be difficult to stop, and overactive bladder may lead to the involuntary loss of urine (urge incontinence). Symptoms…

The kidneys are a pair of bean shaped organs with one on either side of the spine in the region of the mid-back to lower mid-back. Each kidney is supplied…

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE: Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from your blood. When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of…

What are the causes of kidney stones? Kidney stones often have no definite, single cause, although several factors may increase your risk. Kidney stones form when your urine contains more…

Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in…

Peritoneal dialysis is a way to remove waste products from your blood when your kidneys can no longer do the job adequately.In peritoneal dialysis, the lining of your abdomen or belly(peritoneum)…

Healthy kidneys clean your blood and remove extra fluid in the form of urine. They also make substances that keep your body healthy. However, your kidneys may shut down suddenly…

The main roles of the penis are to carry urine and sperm out of the body. The urethra is the tube that carries urine and sperm through the penis to…

The kidneys filter and remove excess waste, minerals and fluid from the blood by producing urine. When the kidneys lose this filtering ability, harmful levels of fluid and waste accumulate…

An undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) is a testicle that hasn’t moved into its proper position in the bag of skin hanging below the penis (scrotum) before birth. Usually just one testicle…

Male infertility is any health issue in a man that lowers the chances of his female partner getting pregnant.There are many causes for infertility in men and women. In over…

Peyronie’s disease is a disorder in which scar tissue, called a plaque, forms in the penis—the male organ used for urination and sex. The plaque builds up inside the tissues…

Most boys and girls are born with genitals that look normal and work well. But some children are born with a condition called epispadias. Epispadias can produce a penis or…

Fig. 1. Male reproductive systemshowing the location of epididymis and vas deferens Fig. 2: Different parts of epididymis Epididymis: The epididymis is a comma shaped, elongated structure composed of a…

The prostate is a walnut-shaped gland that is part of the male reproductive system. The main function of the prostate is to make a fluid that goes into semen. Prostate…

Fig 1. Schematic representation of the male reproductive system showing the position of testicles Testicles (also called testes; a single testicle is called a testis) are part of the male reproductive system.…

In adults, kidney cancer or renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer — about 90 percent of cancerous tumors. Other less common types of kidney cancer…

The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ and is a part of the urinary system. Urine is made in the kidneys and travels down two tubes called ureters to the…

Fig 1. Position of prostate gland and schematic representation of a normal prostate and cancerous prostate The prostate is a small gland that sits below the bladder near the rectum.…

Diabetic neuropathy, vasculopathy, gangrene and amputation of limbs can be proactively prevented by low intensity electroshock wave therapy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Shock waves are defined as transient pressure changes…

What are the unique properties of all stem cells? Stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and differ from other kinds of…

What is vesicoureteral reflux? Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the result of abnormal formation of the normal valve between the kidney and bladder. This valve ensures that urine travels one way…

A UTI is when bacteria gets into your urine and travels up to your bladder. As many as 8 in 100 of girls and 2 in 100 of boys will…

What are Undescended Testicles? An undescended testicle (or “testis”) is when it fails to drop into the normal place in the scrotum. This issue is found in about 3 or…

Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are obstructive membranes that develop in the urethra (tube that drains urine from the bladder), close to the bladder. The valve can obstruct or block the…

Most boys are born with a penis that looks normal and works well. But some boys are born with a common condition called hypospadias. Hypospadias forms a penis that not…

What is Epispadias? Epispadias is a rare congenital (present at birth) abnormality that involves the opening of the urethra (the tube from which urine exit the bladder). In boys with…